Investing 101.

1. Stock

This picture represents stock because a person can own one part of a large company and receive the benefits. 

2. Bond

This picture is what a bond states, it is a promise to repay a certain amount (which may or may not include interest) in a stated time frame. 

3. Underwrite/ Underwriter/ going public

The paparazzi is what normally comes out when celebrities come out in public, and companies bring their security issues out in the open.  

4. Primary Market and Secondary Market

The man with the key represents the sellers in the market and the couple represents the buyers who will either buy directly from him or go and sell it to different people. 

5. Bulls and Bears

 

Bulls are the optimistic ones compared to Bears who are more pessimistic, and so these two graphs represent how each side would view a future market.

6. Selling Short

To me, this looks like a man trying to get rid of papers as fast as he possibly can, which is what happens when a person buys something but then must sell it quickly because they believe the market will soon decline. 

7. Franchise

This is a good portrayal of how a business with franchises is laid out, smaller businesses are able to branch out and reach more customers because of the bigger, already known name. 

When I'm 30...

It is now 2025 and I am 30 years old. Over the past 12 years there have been many budget cuts in order to reduce the massive debt we had. There were cuts to the national defense and many other public programs. Sadly, this is includes social security, schools, national parks, etc. Although, to go along with these cuts, we've had an increase of taxes. We're on the same tax system but each rate has increased by 3%, this means that everyone is paying more taxes than they have had to in the past. It's been difficult to adjust to these hardships, although the economy seems to be doing better and hopefully funding will be able to flow back into most of the programs that had to reduce their spending. 

The past 12 years have been a mixture of hope and resentment. Many citizens don't want to/can't pay higher tax rates even though it helps bring the economy back up. Neither party is content because of the tax hikes and budget cuts, although it should level out soon because by working together, we are able to envision the goal we want to reach. The debt has been reduced from $16 trillion to $5 trillion. Although we still have a long ways to go, this improvement has been beneficial. We are able to still provide the usual services, but also bringing in more revenue than debt. Some years have been more difficult than others, we haven't always been able to reduce spending consistently each year. Some years have had unexpected events occur that involved having to spend more money, but hopefully within the next five years we will have reached some sort of balanced state. 

Manifesto 2.0.

1. I believe that the government's role in the economy should be dependent on the needs of America. Right now, in these hard times, I think that they have the responsibility to try and help balance out the debt that many people are in. In an article on CNN titled, President touts Obamacare benefits for moms, Obama talks about being "110% committed to getting it done." He is referring to health care as being important for the well being on our people. He also says that '"there will be some mistakes and hiccups as the thing gets started up"', which I also agree with. Sometimes the government has to do things that don't seem favorable at first, but end up with a better result. I feel like it's their job to help us stay stable and confident in our ability to act as a nation.

2. It is interesting to see how much of our taxes are taken out of individual's incomes, 46%! This is surprising compared to the amount taken from corporate taxes which is only 10%. I feel like the taxes coming from corporations should be higher since they're able to afford more because of their larger size. So I would change the way they bring in revenue because it puts a large burden on each individual or family to pay taxes and if they can't then the government can't make a profit.

3. I think that the spending for the national budget seems fair, despite the fact that we are spending more money than we are taking in. I feel like if cuts are to happen, then it should mostly be from the discretionary areas or areas that can be combined with other groups in order to make a better profit. We need public services for those who can't provide for themselves, and for those who have retired and aren't working anymore. Although certain programs could be improved, I think that spending is on the right track.

4. In the Federal Budget Challenge, I cut spending more than raising revenue in order to reduce the deficit. The largest area I cut spending in was War Spending Estimates. Throughout the whole process though, I had a tough time deciding what I wanted to cut because I felt like a lot of these public programs were important to America. Even though I did reduce spending in the Social Security and Health areas, I didn't want to because I think that people should have access to affordable medical care. The revenue I raised was somewhat close to how much I wanted to cut, although I felt like if the government and companies are already in debt, then how would individuals be able to pay more taxes? It was a good demonstration, but in real life I would hope there would be more options.

5.

http://www.clker.com/cliparts/T/e/I/H/2/4/parent-and-child-holding-hands.svg

I chose a picture of an adult holding hands with a child. To me, the government seems like an adult figure, although less so the older I've gotten. So it only seems right that it would try and lead us to the best of its abilities. This means they would decide where our taxes go, how we should raise revenue, etc. And just like a child, as America grows stronger and more capable to agree and have a voice that they would let us grow up. Also, just like a parent, they will always be there, but it just depends on the amount of influence we let them have. 

Taxes.

Value-Added Tax

Pro: It slowly gains taxes from each step in the process and so people are less likely to commit fraud because they wouldn't benefit from it. It would lower corporate taxes to help keep them in the USA. It also encourages investment instead of spending, which can be beneficial in the long run. 

"We should be taxing consumption, not income . . . We should be in a position to have a tax system that finances our government and stimulates investment . . ."

Con: It is a regressive tax that is burdensome on the poor because they have to pay more in comparison to how much the wealthy have to spend on the same items. Although it's possible to reduce the tax on the essentials, it's still harder for the poor to afford them. It also wouldn't let individuals get tax incomes and so the IRS wouldn't be needed. 

"Being a tax on consumption, it's a regressive tax, one that is disproportionately burdensome on the poor and middle class."

I oppose a value-added tax because it is a burden to the lower and middle class who spend their money on the essentials items in life and would make it harder for them to put money into the economy. 

National Sales Tax

Pro: This tax would increase savings in households because they would be more conscious about what they purchase. It would help businesses bring their work back to the US, as their companies wouldn't be taxed anymore. We would also be able to tax foreign visitors whenever they buy items here. It is also said that the prices would drop because it wouldn't incorporate the businesses income tax. 
"By removing the tax on the return to savings and investment, a consumptions tax would increase savings and investment . . . [and] result in higher production rates and higher wages."


Con: The tax would be regressive because the middle and lower class would have to spend more money on necessities while the richer can afford to save some of their income. It is also stated that the sales tax would be taken from the item plus the tax. They are also skeptical because they believe that the tax would have to be higher than the proposed rate in order to keep bringing in the same amount of revenue. It would eliminate the IRS, as well. If there were an immediate switch, then the older, retired people would have to pay double because they had paid income tax when they were working, and now they're paying taxes on the things they buy.
"The report argues that replacing most federal taxes with a national sales tax would cause large tax increases for most Americans while allowing huge tax cuts for the wealthiest."

I oppose the national sales tax because it doesn't seem realistic that we would create enough revenue to help eliminate the debt and if an item isn't sold then the government wouldn't be able to gain taxes from it. 

Flat Tax

Pro: Republicans are the ones who are in the most support for this tax reform. There wouldn't be as many loopholes are there are nowadays in our tax system. Companies in the higher bracket wouldn't be able to talk to lobbyists or find loopholes in order to reduce their taxes. Investment tax also wouldn't be taxed, it would lead to economic growth and eliminate double taxation. We would also be able to save millions of dollars that we put towards hiring others to help us understand the tax code right now. 
"Fairness is the greatest virtue of the flat tax . . . No matter how much money you make, what kind of business you are in, and whether or not you have lobbyists in Washington, you will be taxed at the same percentage as everyone one else."

Con: The tax would impact the lower and middle income bracket highly because they would end up paying more in taxes than the upper class. The investment income that fuels the high class wouldn't be taxed, compared to the full-time worker in a lower class where their paycheck would be taxed. It was shown that by using this system, the deficit would continue to grow. So the only way to improve it in this system is to tax more heavily on the lower and middle class. 
"'. . . Forbes's plan "would greatly enlarge the gulf between have and have-nots'".

I oppose the flat tax because it would create too much of a burden on the lower and middle class, while the higher class would be able to have a smaller rate on taxes than they do now.

Progressive Tax

Pro: They believe that if a person earns more money, then they should pay more in taxes. They think that the tax rates have decreased over the past years for the higher class and that it isn't fair because some of their money comes from investment incomes. They also say that lowers the upper brackets' taxes doesn't improve the economy like they said it would. They believe that if the money stays in the lower to middle class that it would be more beneficial to the economy. 
"'A progressive system distributes the risks of economic changes by basing a family's tax burden on their ability to pay.'"

Con: It unfairly taxes the higher class and it won't make up for the tax deficit that we have right now. It is believed that taxing the rich they won't be able to create businesses and jobs because they wouldn't have the money to do so. Many are tired as being seen or labeled as lazy people who don't have to work. Which causes them to be upset because they end up funding programs that they don't even use because they are directed towards the jobless/poor Americans.
"Taxing the rich to benefit the poor is also an unjust practice, opponents argue, because income distribution is inherently immoral."

I support the progressive tax because it would help level the playing field for each income bracket and so that each group would be taxed based on their incomes which would result in an increase of money into the economy. 

The Big Picture.

Seeing as I'll be having to pay taxes for a large majority of my adult life, I am forced to look ahead at the impact taxation will have on me. If I were to advise the President and his people, then I would let them know how much I want our tax money to be put into secure programs. If I'm paying for social security and putting money into my retirement fund, then I want to be sure that I will get the same amount, if not more, when the time comes that I need to tap into it. I also feel like having better public services is a must for a nation to be successful. If that means more taxes, then so be it. As long as I am able to see a change. 

The debt is definitely not something to brush off. As it keep growing, the burden grows on the next generation to fix it. Although we can see cuts right now, the budget is still being debated over. They can all agree that it needs to be reduced, but through which means? As much as it will suck, I feel like we should pay slightly higher taxes in order to reduce the debt, as long as the budget isn't increased also. These cuts are becoming increasingly worrisome, and are affecting poorer areas which is upsetting. If my money can help our economy rebuild itself, then I feel like it will pay off in the long run. 

The Sequester.

The sequester is a program that requires a reduction of spending across all areas in the United States. This is to help eliminate the national debt that we are in right now. In an article on CNN, it is said that the debt has reached $16 trillion. It was also stated that it would be pushed to March 1st, 2013 instead of the originally planned date of January 1st. This is because of a deal made that interfered with the fiscal cliff. At last, they had to implement the sequester otherwise there wouldn't be any progress. 

ABC says that the amount cut will be roughly $85 billion over the next 10 months. Originally it was supposed to be $109 billion, but they were able to find other ways to save so the price wouldn't be as high. They also said that many government programs would be cut, these include defense and non-defense programs. Luckily though, many "domestic entitlements" will be spared, these being: Medicare, Social Security, food stamps, etc. There is a possibility of government furloughs, which are temporary unpaid leaves. This will lead to longer wait times or overcrowding because of lack of staff. 

Washington Post answers many important questions in an easy-to-read format. They are sure that no programs will get fully cut, they just want to reduce spending. It is highly controversial because some programs and states will get cut more than others. The discretionary spending affects some programs more, for example, the national parks will lose a lot of money from an already small budget. The sequester isn't fun for anyone, and so Democrats vote to increase taxes on the wealthy and have more spending cuts. Republicans, on the other hand, want less taxes, no defense cuts, and cuts in domestic spending, like food stamps.

Manifesto Beta Version.

I believe that we need the government in order to have rules and regulations so that our nation has a direction. What I think is important, is the ability to voice our opinions. Right now it's difficult to make an idea or movement public. If someone wants to change a law, then they have to go through a long process in order to even have a chance to be considered. What's also important, is where our money is going. When we pay taxes, we don't know where our money is directly going. I think it would be beneficial if we were able to direct a portion of our taxes to the places that we want supported. All other specifics are still unclear to me now...

Research Project - Target Corporation.

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1X1OM-pVfi8hpKyFuwmsMVw4JOIVvGoBIz0_ARwczikU/edit?usp=sharing

Supply Wrap Up.

x-axis: #s
y-axis: $

Price $	#s
$2.00	10
$4.00	20
$6.00	30
$8.00	40
$10.00	50

x-axis: #s
y-axis: $

x-axis: #s
y-axis: $

x-axis: #
y-axis: $

$	#s	+	-
$1.00	10	15	5
$2.00	20	25	15
$3.00	30	35	25
$4.00	40	45	35
$5.00	50	55	45

Demand Reflection.

http://vocaroo.com/i/s1rdTyOIOQTn

Central Question and Annotated Bibliography.

Central Question: How was the company, Target, founded and how does it continue to be successful in these modern days?

Bibliography:

Target. "Target through the Years." Target through the Years. Target Corporation 2013. Web. 19 Mar. 2013

This helps to answer how Target grew into the successful store we know now. On Target's website, they have a link to their company history. It all started out with The Dayton Dry Goods Company in 1902. It first becomes the Target we know and love in 1962. That is just the beginning, if one is to scroll even farther, there are all their milestones, changes, even events. It's a nice place to find a lot of information in one place.

This website, run by the Target Corporation talks about how the industry started out and its history. It's a very helpful resource because it is formatted in a timeline style so that a viewer can just scroll through it and read all about the development of Target. A reader is also able to view certain sections, such as: "In the Community", "Corporate Milestones", "Our Founders", etc. It's helpful if a person is just trying to find information about one topic.

"Minneapolis-based Target Corp. takes the remodeling route." Finance and Commerce 3 Jan. 2011. General OneFile. Web. 19 Mar. 2013.

This article talks about how Target is trying to optimize their profits, while also keeping up with the needs of their shoppers. The main addition is a grocery section in every Target. There is also talk about renovating other areas while in there. Their goal is to make it more efficient and shopper friendly without having to sacrifice space or service in any way. It also gives statistics about how many Target stores are currently being remodeled, have been, or will be. 

Since this was published recently, then it is an indicator as to how the Target Corporation is doing in this ever-changing world. It shows that they're trying to compete with other large-scale "one-stop" shopping centers, like Wal-Mart. In order to add a grocery section, the store must shut down the area temporarily. This store is very good about not disrupting the customers and will do light work when there are the most shoppers. This is pleasing as many people depend on Target as their primary source for household items.

Merrill, Ann. "Local hero or a retail zero?" Minneapolis-St. Paul CityBusiness 6 Apr. 1992: 1+. General OneFile. Web. 19 Mar. 2013.

Everyday Hero is a store that The Dayton-Hudson Company opened and wanted to try out. It's a store that specializes in clothing. It is being compared to The Gap and Marshall's. The section also talks about Dayton-Hudson's past trials of stores. There is reference to a bookstore and a home furnishing store. Neither of these were very successful and had to close after a few years. Although there is high hope for this branch to be more successful because it hopes to carry brand name products and have a more spacious area to display clothing. They are also only testing two stores in Minnesota, so they can see how things will work out in the long run. 

Seeing as this article was published in 1992, it is known nowadays that the Everyday Hero store was not successful. It had to close down in 1996, four years after opening their first stores. Although it is relevant because it shows how the store, Target, is willing to take risks in order to make customers happy and bring in more revenue. By listing all of their failed previous experiments, it is a positive sign that their company will be around for a long time because small losses don't affect it significantly.  

Demand Wrap Up.

Part I

1. Utility- The ability of a good or service to be useful and give satisfaction.

The utility of a cellphone is to keep in contact with other people and take pictures.

2. Complementary Demand- Products that are related to each other, in which an increase or decrease in price affects each other. 

An example of complementary demand is when I go to the store to buy ingredients for cake and have to buy cake mix, frosting, and sprinkles. These products all go together and so if I buy one, I normally buy all of them. 

3. Substitute Demand- Products that can replace an existing item, relates because a decrease in demand of one item, increases the demand of another. 

As the search engine, Bing, decreases in popularity because of faulty results, the substitute demand of Google increases for consumers.

4. Elastic Demand- When a change in price of an item greatly affects the demand of an item.
The demand of fresh fruits and vegetables depends on their price, if the price increases, then the demand decreases. The same is applicable if the price decreases, then more people would be more willing to buy fresh fruits and vegetables. That is elastic demand.

5. Inelastic Demand- When a change in price doesn't affect the demand of an item.

In these modern times, toothpaste always has an inelastic demand because no matter the price, people still need in in their everyday life. 




Part II

Elastic-

Price	Quantity Demanded	Total Revenue
$ 10	100	$ 1,000
$ 20	40	$ 800
$ 30	20	$ 600
$ 40	10	$ 400
$ 50	5	$ 250

Inelastic- 

Price	Quantity Demanded	Total Revenue
$ 10	100	$ 1,000
$ 20	80	$ 1,600
$ 30	75	$ 2,250
$ 40	70	$ 2,800
$ 50	60	$ 3,000

Part III

Increase in Demand-

Price	Quantity Demanded	New Quantity Demanded
$ 10	90	100
$ 20	60	70
$ 30	40	50
$ 40	20	30
$ 50	10	20

Decrease in Demand-

Price	Quantity Demanded	New Quantity Demanded
$ 10	90	70
$ 20	60	50
$ 30	40	30
$ 40	20	10
$ 50	10	5